Volume 10, Issue 2 (June 2023)
Health Spiritual Med Ethics 2023, 10(2): 93-102 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Kashmari A, Shahabizadeh F, Ahi G, Mahmoudi Rad A. Comparing the Effectiveness of Cognitive-behavioral Therapy Combined With Self-compassion and Cognitive Motor Activities and Cognitive Motor Intervention Alone on Forgiveness and Self-compassion in the Elderly. Health Spiritual Med Ethics 2023; 10 (2) :93-102
URL: http://jhsme.muq.ac.ir/article-1-515-en.html
URL: http://jhsme.muq.ac.ir/article-1-515-en.html
1- Department of General Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran.
2- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran. ,f_shahabizadeh@yahoo.com
3- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran.
4- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand Branch, Birjand Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran.
2- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran. ,
3- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran.
4- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand Branch, Birjand Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran.
Abstract: (653 Views)
Background and Objectives: Forgiveness and self-compassion are essential constructs that are the opposite of high levels of anxiety and depression in older people. Their improvement can help reduce the problems of psychological symptoms in older people, therefore, this research aims to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) combined with self-compassion, cognitive-motor activities, and specific cognitive-motor intervention conducted on forgiveness and self-compassion of older people.
Methods: The research method was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test & post-test and follow-up design with a control group. For this purpose, a sample consisting of 42 people (21 women and 21 men) over 60 years of age living in Mashhad City, Iran in 2021 who met the inclusion criteria were selected and, after random assignment in three groups of the first experiment (combined CBT intervention self-compassion with cognitive-motor activities), the second experimental group (intervention of cognitive-motor activities) and the control group (without any intervention) and underwent interventions in 18 sessions during 9 weeks.
Results: The data obtained from the questionnaires of the heartland forgiveness scale (HFS) and the self-compassion questionnaire were analyzed by the multivariate analysis of covariance method with repeated measurements, and the results showed a significant difference between the test groups and the control group, in the mean scores of forgiveness (P<0.001) and self-compassion (P<0.001) in the post-test and follow-up. Also, a significant difference was observed between the two test groups in the mean self-compassion scores in the post-test and follow-up (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Undergoing 9 weeks of CBT along with self-compassion accompanied by cognitive-motor activities, as well as 9 weeks of intervention with cognitive-motor activities alone can contribute to increasing forgiveness and self-compassion in older people.
Methods: The research method was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test & post-test and follow-up design with a control group. For this purpose, a sample consisting of 42 people (21 women and 21 men) over 60 years of age living in Mashhad City, Iran in 2021 who met the inclusion criteria were selected and, after random assignment in three groups of the first experiment (combined CBT intervention self-compassion with cognitive-motor activities), the second experimental group (intervention of cognitive-motor activities) and the control group (without any intervention) and underwent interventions in 18 sessions during 9 weeks.
Results: The data obtained from the questionnaires of the heartland forgiveness scale (HFS) and the self-compassion questionnaire were analyzed by the multivariate analysis of covariance method with repeated measurements, and the results showed a significant difference between the test groups and the control group, in the mean scores of forgiveness (P<0.001) and self-compassion (P<0.001) in the post-test and follow-up. Also, a significant difference was observed between the two test groups in the mean self-compassion scores in the post-test and follow-up (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Undergoing 9 weeks of CBT along with self-compassion accompanied by cognitive-motor activities, as well as 9 weeks of intervention with cognitive-motor activities alone can contribute to increasing forgiveness and self-compassion in older people.
Type of Study: Original Article |
Subject:
General
Received: 2023/01/29 | Accepted: 2023/09/26 | Published: 2023/09/1
Received: 2023/01/29 | Accepted: 2023/09/26 | Published: 2023/09/1
References
1. Manafifar SFZ, Ghaffari F, Faramarzi M, Youseframaki M, Shamsalinia A. [What is healthy ageing? Definitions and Effective factors (Persian)]. Caspian J Health Aging. 2020; 5(1):27-34. [DOI:10.22088/cjhaa.5.1.5]
2. Falcone M, Paul M, Tiseo G, Yahav D, Prendki V, Friberg LE, et al. Considerations for the optimal management of antibiotic therapy in elderly patients. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2020; 22:325-33. [DOI:10.1016/j.jgar.2020.02.022] [PMID] [DOI:10.1016/j.jgar.2020.02.022]
3. Abbasalizadeh Ranjbari R, Bayrami M, Badri R. [Reducing depression symptoms through homeopathic treatment (Persian)]. Paper presented at: 5th Congress of the Iranian Psychological Association. 5 May 2015; Tehran, Iran. [Link]
4. Walton CC, Baranoff J, Gilbert P, & Kirby J. Self-compassion, social rank, and psychological distress in athletes of varying competitive levels. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2020; 50:101733. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101733] [DOI:10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101733]
5. Neff KD, Germer CK. A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. J Clin Psychol. 2013; 69(1):28-44. [DOI:10.1002/jclp.21923] [PMID] [DOI:10.1002/jclp.21923]
6. Rapgay L, Bystrisky A. Classical mindfulness: An introduction to its theory and practice for clinical application. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009; 1172:148-62. [DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04405.x] [PMID] [DOI:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04405.x]
7. Miyagawa Y,Taniguchi J. Self-compassion helps people forgive transgressors: Cognitive pathways of interpersonal transgressions. Self Identity.2022; 21(2):244-56. [DOI:10.1080/ 15298868.2020.1862904] [DOI:10.1080/15298868.2020.1862904]
8. Hashemi Shekofteh S, Vardezayedeh S, Sofi S, Siyavash B. [Forgiveness teaching on happiness and attitude to the life of parentless or poorly parented adolescent (Persian)]. Middle East J Disabil Stud. 2020; 10 :83-83. [Link]
9. Lancman ME, Fertig EJ, Trobliger RW, Perrine K, Myers L, Iyengar SS, et al. The effects of lacosamide on cognition, quality-of-life measures, and quality of life in patients with refractory partial epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2016; 61:27-33. [DOI:10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.04.049] [PMID] [DOI:10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.04.049]
10. Agnew S, Vallières A, Hamilton A, McCrory S, Nikolic M, Kyle SD, et al. Adherence to cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia: An updated systematic review. Sleep Med Clin. 2021; 16(1):155-202. [DOI:10.1016/j.jsmc.2020.11.002] [PMID] [DOI:10.1016/j.jsmc.2020.11.002]
11. Bieling PJ, Kuyken W. Is cognitive case formulation science or science fiction? Clin Psychol. 2023; 10(1):52-69. [DOI:10.1093/clipsy.10.1.52] [DOI:10.1093/clipsy.10.1.52]
12. Kramer HJ, Wood TD, Lara KH, Lagattuta KH. Children's and adults' beliefs about the stability of traits from infancy to adulthood: Contributions of age and executive function. Cogn Dev. 2021; 57:100975. [DOI:10.1016/j.cogdev.2020.100975] [PMID] [PMCID] [DOI:10.1016/j.cogdev.2020.100975]
13. Wright J, Besco M, Denise M. Learning cognitive-behavior therapy: An illustrated guide [H. Ghasemzadeh, Persian trans]. Tehran: Arjmand; 2021. [Link]
14. Sadock B J, Sadock VA, Ruiz P. Kaplan & Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences [F. Rezaei, Persian trans]. Tehran: Arjamand; 2021. [Link]
15. De Vito AN, Ahmed M, Mohlman J. Cognitive enhancement strategies to augment cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: Rationale and recommendations for use with cognitively healthy older adults. Cogn Behav Pract. 2019; 29(1):175-84. [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpra.2019.10.007] [DOI:10.1016/j.cbpra.2019.10.007]
16. Neff KD. Self-compassion, selfesteem and well being. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2011; 5(1):1-12. [DOI:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00330.x] [DOI:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00330.x]
17. Allen AB, Leary MR. Self-compassionate responses to aging. Gerontologist. 2014; 54(2):190-200. [DOI:10.1093/geront/gns204] [PMID] [PMCID] [DOI:10.1093/geront/gns204]
18. Ramesh S, Azadian E, Majlesi M. [The comparison and relationship between cognitive and motor function in elderly with and without falling experience (Persian)]. Res Sport Manage Motor Behav. 2020; 10(20):138-50. [DOI:10.29252/JRSM.10.20.138] [DOI:10.29252/JRSM.10.20.138]
19. Pettersson AF, Olsson E, Wahlund LO. Motor function in subjects with mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2005; 19(5-6):299-304. [DOI:10.1159/000084555] [PMID] [DOI:10.1159/000084555]
20. Thompson LY, Snyder CR, Hoffman L, Michael ST, Rasmussen HN, Billings LS, et al. Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. J Pers. 2005; 73(2):313-59. [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x] [PMID] [DOI:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x]
21. Thompson LY, Snyder CR, Hoffman L, Michael ST, Rasmussen HN, Billings LS, et al. Heartland forgiveness scale (HFS). Washington: APA PsycTests; 2002. [DOI:10.1037/t00957-000] [DOI:10.1037/t00957-000]
22. Akbari M, Gol Parvarr M, Kamkar M. [Relationship between interpersonal trust, self-efficacy, religious adherence and forgiveness with distributive and procedural just world beliefs (Persian)]. Knowl Res Appl Psychol. 2009; 10(35-36):53-80. [Link]
23. Asgari P, Roshani K. [Validation of forgiveness scale and a survey on the relationship of forgiveness and students' mental health (Persian)]. Int J Psychol Behav Res. 2013; 2(2):109-15. [Link]
24. Dehghan S, Kord Tamini B, Arab A. Comparing the Forgiveness, Psychological Well Being and Affective Control between Recovering Drug-Addicted and Healthy Subjects. Journal of Social Issues & Humanities 2014; 2(4). [Persian].
25. Ebrahimi M, Azkhosh M, Shoaai F, Froughan M, Dolatshahi B. [Psychometric properties of persian version of heartland forgiveness scale in elderly (Persian)]. Iran J Rehabil Res Nurs. 2017; 3(4):9-20. [DOI:10.21859/ijrn-03042] [DOI:10.21859/ijrn-03042]
26. Neff KD. The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self Identity. 2003; 2(3):223-50. [DOI:10.1080/15298860309027] [DOI:10.1080/15298860309027]
27. Neff KD, Pisitsungkagarn K, Ya-Ping H. (2008). Self-compassion and self-construal in the United States, Thailand, and Taiwa. J Cross Cult. 2008; 39(3):267-85. [DOI:10.1177/0022022108314544] [DOI:10.1177/0022022108314544]
28. Shahbazi M, Rajabi G, Maggi E, Jalodari A. [Confirmatory factor analysis of the persian version of the self-compassion rating scale-revised (Persian)]. Psychol Models Methods. 2015; 6(19):31-46. [Link]
29. Momeni F, Shahidi S, Moutabi F, Heydari M. [Psychometric features of the Persian version of the self-compassion scale (Persian)]. Contemp Psychol. 2013; 8(2):27-40. [Link]
30. Khosravi S, Sadeghi M, Yabandeh M. [Psychometric properties of self-compassion scale(SCS) (Persian)]. Psychol Models Methods. 2013; 4(13):47-59. [Link]
31. Russell HM, Ariail DL, Smith KT, Smith LM. Analysis of compassion in accounting and business students, overall and by gender. J Account Educ. 2020; 53:100684. [DOI:10.1016/j.jaccedu.2020.100684] [DOI:10.1016/j.jaccedu.2020.100684]
32. Lee WK. Self-compassion as a moderator of the relationship between academic burn-out and psychological health in Korean cyber university students. Personal Individ Differ. 2013; 54(8):899-902. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2013.01.001] [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2013.01.001]
33. Van Dam NT, Sheppard SC, Forsyth JP, Earleywine M. Self-compassion is a better predictor than mindfulness of symptom severity and quality of life in mixed anxiety and depression. J Anxiety Disord. 2011; 25(1):123-30. [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.08.011] [PMID] [DOI:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.08.011]
34. Raes F. Rumination and worry as mediators of the relationship between self-compassion and depression and anxiety. Personal Individ Differ. 2010; 48(6):757-61. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.023] [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.023]
35. Mohammadi Z, Gol Parvar M, Atashpour S H. [Comparison of the effectiveness of existential acceptance and commitment therapy and compassion therapy based on psychological capital and self-compassion (Persian)]. Posit Psychol Research. 2022; 8(3):99-120. [DOI:10.22108/ppls.2022.132212.2255]
36. Karimkhani S, Koochak Khoshnevis H. The effect of mindfulness-based training on self-compassion and emotion regulation in obese girls. J Adolesc Youth Psychol Stud. 2021; 1(1):377-85. [Link]
37. Manookian A, Navab E, Zomorodi M. [The relationship between self-compassion and attitude to ageing in middle aged people (Persian)]. Iran J Nurs Res. 2020; 15(5):20-8. [Link]
38. Tawhidi Far M, Kazemian Moghadam K, Harun Rashidi H. The effectiveness of compassion-based therapy on the feeling of loneliness and cognitive flexibility of elderly men. Psychol Stud. 1400; 17(2):97-116. [DOI:10.22051/PSY.2021.36089.2449]
39. Entezari M, Shamsipour Dehkordi P, Sahaf R. [Effect of physical activity on cognitive flexibility and perfectionism in the elderly (Persian)]. Salmand. 2018; 12(4):402-13. [DOI:10.21859/sija.12.4.402] [DOI:10.21859/sija.12.4.402]
40. Mróz J, Kaleta K. [Forgiveness and mental health variables among psychotherapy outpatients. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska (Polish)]. Paedagogia Psychologia. 2020; 33(3):145-59. [DOI:10.17951/j.2020.33.3.145-159] [DOI:10.17951/j.2020.33.3.145-159]
41. Rezaei R, Gharayag Zandi H. Investigation of the effect of teaching self-compassion strategies on athletes' compassion and mindfulness (Persian)]. Movement and Behavioral Sciences. 2022; 5(4). [Link]
42. Struthers CW, van Monsjou E, Ayoub M, Guilfoyle JR. Fit to forgive: Effect of mode of exercise on capacity to override grudges and forgiveness. Front Psychol. 2017; 8:538. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00538] [PMID] [PMCID] [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00538]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
Owned by Qom University of Medical Sciences
Published by Qom University of Medical Sciences Press
eISSN: 2383-3610
pISSN: 2322-4304
Email: j.hsme[at]muq.ac.ir
spirituality14[at]gmail.com
