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shahabizadeh, taheri N. The Effects of Schema Conceptualization-based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Patience and Psychological Symptoms in Married Women With
Anxiety. Health Spiritual Med Ethics 2021; 8 (2) :103-110
URL: http://jhsme.muq.ac.ir/article-1-396-en.html
URL: http://jhsme.muq.ac.ir/article-1-396-en.html
1- Department of Psychology, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran
2- Department of Psychology, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran ,n.taheri6492@gmail.com
2- Department of Psychology, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran ,
Keywords: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Schema conceptualization, Patience, Psychologicalsymptoms, Anxiety symptoms
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June 2021. Volume 8. Number 2
June 2021. Volume 8. Number 2
June 2021. Volume 8. Number 2
June 2021. Volume 8. Number 2
June 2021. Volume 8. Number 2
June 2021. Volume 8. Number 2
June 2021. Volume 8. Number 2
June 2021. Volume 8. Number 2
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| Fatemeh Shahabizadeh1* , Nasrin Taheri1 1. Department of Psychology, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran. *Corresponding Author: Fatemeh Shahabizadeh, PhD. Address: Department of Psychology, Birjand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Birjand, Iran. Phone: +98 (915) 3319855 E-mail: f_shahabizadeh@yahoo.com Research Paper: The Effects of Schema Conceptualization-based Ac ceptance and Commitment Therapy on Patience and Psychological Symptoms in Married Women With Anxiety Background and Objectives: Anxiety symptoms include various anxiety, panic, worry, restlessness, and fear that require early diagnosis and intervention. Accordingly, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) using Schema Conceptualization (SC) on patience and psychological symptoms in married women with anxiety symptoms. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test and a control group. The statistical population consisted of all married women referring to the Education Counseling Center of Birjand City, Iran, in 2019. Among the individuals who received anxiety scores >30 in the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), based on a simple random sampling method, 30 subjects were selected; they were placed in two experimental and control groups. To collect the necessary data, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), the BAI, and the Patience Scale was used. Data analysis was performed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA). Results: The ANCOVA results indicated that ACT using SC effectively increased patience (P=0.001) and decreased psychological symptoms (P=0.002) in the explored subjects with anxiety symptoms. There was a significant difference between patience and the post-test scores of depression, anxiety, and stress in the experimental and control groups. Conclusion: The present research results suggested that ACT using SC was effective on patience and psychological symptoms in women with anxiety symptoms. A B S T R A C T Keywords: Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, Schema conceptualization, Patience, Psychological symptoms, Anxiety symptoms Please cite this article as Shahabizadeh F, Taheri N. The Effects of Schema Conceptualization-Based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Patience and Psychological Symptoms in Married Women With Anxiety. Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics Journal. 2021; 8(2):103-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/hsmej.8.2.6 :: http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/hsmej.8.2.6 Use your device to scan and read the article online Article info: Received: 18 Aug 2020 Accepted: 02 Apr 2021 Publish: 01 Jun 2021 |
| 104 Shahabizadeh F & Taheri N. Schema Conceptualization-Based ACT on Patience and Psychological Symptoms. Health Spiritual Med Ethics J. 2021; 8(2):103-110. |
| Introduction nxiety disorders are among the most fre quent psychiatric disorders in the general population [1]. Studies outlined that the prevalence of this disorder affects ap proximately 8%-12% of children and 5%- 10% of adolescents [2]; this condition is characterized by symptoms, such as premature fatigue, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance, impaired social and occupational function, indifference, the lack of pleasure, lack of concentration and attention, isolation, crying, and frequent restlessness [3]. Patience is essential religious teaching and among the strategies of religious confrontation against psycho logical pressure [4]. Patience components consist of transcendence (enduring hardships & being patient in hardships & adversity to achieve the goal & reach the nearness of God & better spiritual growth), patience (en durance in the face of adversity), satisfaction (accepting the surroundings & events), endurance (perseverance & stability in performance and perseverance in work & activity) and procrastination (creating an interruption in the face of desires and the control of inner desires) [5]. This religious-psychological structure has various con sequences in life; subsequently, they decline individuals’ quality of life, make them feel inefficient, and generate stress, anxiety, and depression [6]. Stress is an emotion that arises in the presence of significant interaction (real or imaginary) between the individual, the environment, conflicts, and perceived personal desires [7]. Besides, as a stimulus, stress can present even different effects on the healthy population; these influences depend on various factors, such as the severity of stress, individual living conditions, biopsychological status, age, and cop ing mechanisms [8]. Stress can also lead to psychologi cal conditions, such as depression, anxiety, and suicide. Moreover, stress can induce physical illnesses, like cardiovascular disease [9]. In this regard, an approach that was suggested to be effective in increasing the psy chological competence of individuals is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) using Schema Conceptu alization (SC) [10]. The SC-based ACT is an experience-based psychologi cal intervention that employs awareness and acceptance strategies along with commitment and behavior change skills to increase psychological flexibility. Psychologi cal flexibility indicates that one is fully in touch with the present moment and changes or continues to behave per the values of the current situation [10]. In other words, in SC-based ACT first, the subject attempts to increase their psychological acceptance concerning mental expe riences (thoughts & feelings, etc.); in return, it reduces the ineffective control actions. The subject is taught that any actions to avoid or control these undesired mental experiences are ineffective or present the opposite effect and exacerbates them. Therefore, these experiences must be accepted without any internal or external reactions to eliminate them. In the second step, the individual’s psy chological awareness is increased respecting the present moment. In other words, the individual becomes aware of all his/her mental states, thoughts, and behaviors in the present moment. In the third stage, the individual is taught to separate self from these mental experiences (cognitive defusion) to be able to act independently of these experiences. The fourth step is to attempt to reduce the excessive focus on the visual self or personal story (e.g. being a victim) that one has created for self in one’s mind. Eventually, the fifth stage assists individuals to recognize their core personal values and turn them into specific behavioral goals (the enlightenment of values) [11]. The SC-based ACT is more effective in treating psy chological problems than other common psychothera pies [12]; however, studied the effectiveness of ACT on various clinical conditions, such as depression, obses sive-compulsive disorder, occupational stress, end-stage cancer stress, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, an orexia, and schizophrenia remain less addressed [13]. Anxiety symptoms severely affect individuals’ lives with their destructive influences; if there is no timely treatment, they expose individuals to other mental dis orders. Thus, it is necessary to perform therapeutic in terventions for timely examination and treatment. Addi tionally, SC-based ACT is less studied. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of SC-based ACT on patience and psychological symptoms in individuals with anxiety symptoms. Methods This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test post-test and a control group design. The statistical popu lation of this study included all married women who were referred to Education Counseling Center in Birjand City, Iran, in 2019. The study participants included 51 respondents to the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BDI) who were selected by purposive sampling approach. In total, 30 participants were divided into the experimental and control groups (n=15/group). The inclusion criteria of the study were married, living in Birjand, minimum diploma education, and obtaining a score >30 in the BDI. More A |
| 105 Shahabizadeh F & Taheri N. Schema Conceptualization-Based ACT on Patience and Psychological Symptoms. Health Spiritual Med Ethics J. 2021; 8(2):103-110. |
| over, the exclusion criteria were using other psychologi cal interventions and absence from >2 therapy sessions. After obtaining the ethics approval from the Ethics Committee of Birjand University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.BUMS.REC.1399.198), sampling was per formed on the ethical considerations of the Helsinki Declaration. Initially, a demographic characteristics questionnaire (including age, the place of residence, the level of education) was completed for each individual by a research colleague. Then, individuals were selected by the purposive sampling method and randomly divided into the experimental and control groups using a simple random classification method. First, the study groups completed the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 Item (DASS-21) and the Patience Scale 60 minutes before the treatment protocol. Then, the SC-based ACT protocol as per Lev and McK ay’s package (Table 1) was performed in the experimen tal group at the Birjand Education Counseling Center in eight 60-minute sessions, twice a week. However, the control group received no training. In the next step, the collected data were analyzed. The DASS-21 was used to assess psychological symp toms. It includes 21 items developed by Lavibund and Lavibund in 1995. Each of the DASS-21 subscales con sists of 7 questions; the final score of each of which is obtained through the sum of the scores of the related ques tions. Anthony et al. (1998), factor analyzed the scale, and suggested the existence of 3 factors, as follows: depression, anxiety, and stress. The collected results re vealed that 68% of the total variance of the scale was measured by these 3 factors. The effects of stress, depres sion, and anxiety in the study were computed to be 9.07, 2.89, and 1.23, respectively. Besides, the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for these three factors was calculated as 0.97, 0.92, and 0.95, in sequence [14]. In the present study, Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the dimensions of depression, anxiety, and stress were measured to be 0.73, 0.89, and 0.83, respectively. Moreover, test-retest coefficients for these dimensions were obtained as 0.80, 0.68, and 0.71, respectively, i.e., acceptable. Beck Anxiety Inventory (BDI, 1998) was used to iden tify married women with anxiety. In this 21-item scale, the subject chooses one of the 4 options (scoring from zero to 3) in each item, specifying the severity of anxiety. Its internal consistency coefficient (using Cronbach’s al pha coefficient) equaled 0.92, its validity varies by 0.75 applying a one-week test-retest method; the correlation of its subscales varies from 0.30 to 0.76. The scale’s con tent, concurrent, structural, exploratory, and face validity were measured; all of which indicated the high efficien cy of this tool in measuring anxiety severity [15]. In the present study, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.82 was obtained for this tool. Patience was measured using the Patience Question naire developed by Khormaee, Farmani, and Soltani [6]. This 25-item scale is scored based on a Likert-type scale, ranging from completely correct to completely incorrect. The internal consistency evaluation results provided evi dence based on the convergent and differential validity of this scale. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the subscales was calculated to range from 0.60 to 0.84. Be sides, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the total scale was equal to 0.86. In the Kamari and Khormaee research [16], Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was measured to be 0.74 to 0.86 for its subscales and 0.86 for the whole question naire. In the present study, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was obtained as 0.80 for the whole questionnaire. The SC-based ACT package of Lev and McKay is beneficial for individuals in identifying and changing interpersonal maladaptive schemas [11]. This package focuses on 10 schemas (Abandonment and instabil ity: fear, anger, and grief; mistrust and abuse: fear, an ger, and yearning; emotional deprivation: loneliness, yearning, sadness, and anger; defectiveness and shame: shame, sadness, and anger) along with ACT techniques. Besides, it teaches individuals to differently cope with schema-induced pain and replace maladaptive schema related behaviors with value-based responses [11]. The summary of the training sessions and their content is as described in Table 1. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and in ferential statistics. Thus, first, descriptive statistics were used to describe the results of the statistical population. In descriptive statistics, the table of mean and standard deviation was used. Hypothesis analysis and testing were performed with the help of inferential statistics. To test the hypotheses, the collected data were analyzed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA). Additionally, all steps of describing, combining, and testing the hypoth eses were performed in SPSS. Results Of the 30 study participants, the largest proportion (n=11) had a BA degree and the average age of most re search participants (n=19) was between 25 and 35 years. |
| 106 Shahabizadeh F & Taheri N. Schema Conceptualization-Based ACT on Patience and Psychological Symptoms. Health Spiritual Med Ethics J. 2021; 8(2):103-110. |
| There was no significant difference concerning demo graphic variables between the study groups. ANCOVA data in Levene’s test and Box’s M test signi fied that the reported significance level was >0.05; the homogeneity of variance and equality of variance-cova riance matrix respected dependent variables. Table 2 lists the descriptive statistics, including the mean and standard deviation scores of psychological symptoms, anger, and aggression for the experimental and control groups at pre Table 1. SC-based ACT training sessions as per Lev and McKay’s package Meeting Content First Introduce and review goals. Investigate the conflicts that occurred during the week and get acquainted with the types of schemas. Second Continue to recognize and identify schemas. Familiarity with behaviors to cope with schemas. Third Understand how schemas affect interpersonal relationships. Learn how to avoid old strategies and schemas. Fourth Focus on treating behavioral schemas. Fifth & sixth Understanding how to eliminate maladaptive schemas. Seventh & eighth Value-based problem-solving training and accepting responsibility for avoiding or dealing with schemas. Table 2. Descriptive pre-test and post-test data of psychological symptoms and patience in the study groups Group Variable Mean±SD Pre-test Post-test Experimental Depression 14.53±2.26 7.73±1.66 Stress 14.54±1.76 7.93±1.43 Anxiety 14.80±2.11 7.73±1.94 Transcendence 22.40±2.29 30.80±4.79 Patience 19.20±1.56 25.93±3.45 Satisfaction 14.13±1.50 18.46±2.32 Endurance 8.40±0.98 11.40±1.24 Patience 8.33±0.72 11.60±1.54 Control Depression 14.0±2.32 13.53±2.29 Stress 14.13±1.80 13.33±1.87 Anxiety 14.20±2.11 13.07±1.62 Transcendence 23.0±2.20 24.33±3.13 Patience 20.46±1.59 21.40±1.84 Satisfaction 13.0±1.55 14.73±1.79 Endurance 8.20±1.32 10.0±0.92 Patience 7.40±1.72 8.60±1.59 |
| 107 Shahabizadeh F & Taheri N. Schema Conceptualization-Based ACT on Patience and Psychological Symptoms. Health Spiritual Med Ethics J. 2021; 8(2):103-110. |
| test and post-test stages. Accordingly, the mean post-test scores of the control group presented not much difference, compared to the pre-test step. However, psychological symptom components scores in the experimental group further decreased in the post-test, compared to the pre test. Furthermore, the scores of patience components in the experimental group further increased in the post-test, compared to the pre-test. According to Table 3, there was a significant difference in all components of patience be tween the experimental and control groups. Table 4 addresses a significant difference in all com ponents of psychological symptoms between the experi mental and control groups. Therefore, SC-based ACT was effective on patience and its components as well as the psychological symptoms of individuals with anxiety symptoms. Discussion The ANCOVA results signified that SC-based ACT was effective on patience in individuals with anxiety symptoms; the mean score of the experimental group increased, compared to those of the control group. The present study data were in line with those of Tarkhan [17], Manshei, and Javanbakht [18], as well as Fiorillo, McLean, Pistorello, and Follette [19]. Tarkhan [17] documented the effectiveness of ACT on meaning in life; patience can also be a meaningful com ponent in life [20]. Manshei and Javanbakht [18] argued that ACT was effective in increasing patience. Patience is among the major religious teachings and a strategy of religious confrontation against psychological Table 3. ANCOVA data for comparing the experimental and control groups Source Variable Type 3 Sum of Squares df Mean Squares F P Group Transcendence 266.76 1 266.76 2.317 0.001 Patience 162.58 1 162.58 5.280 0.001 Satisfaction 58.59 1 58.59 3.281 0.001 Endurance 13.61 1 13.61 1.712 0.002 Patience 37.83 1 37.83 1.113 0.001 Error Transcendence 224.58 23 9.76 Patience 74.36 23 3.23 Satisfaction 43.07 23 1.87 Endurance 24.63 23 1.07 Patience 66.35 23 2.88 Table 4. ANCOVA data for comparing the experimental and control groups Source Variable Type 3 Sum of Squares df Mean Squares F P Group Depression 270.45 1 270.45 9.060 0.001 Stress 239.94 1 239.94 1.3966 0.001 Anxiety 231.34 1 231.34 9.454 0.001 Error Depression 75.07 25 3 Stress 36.05 25 1.44 Anxiety 61.23 25 2.45 |
| 108 Shahabizadeh F & Taheri N. Schema Conceptualization-Based ACT on Patience and Psychological Symptoms. Health Spiritual Med Ethics J. 2021; 8(2):103-110. |
| pressure [4]. Patience reflects a state of mind that occurs to certain individuals when in hardship. Besides, it makes a subject feel peaceful and stable and resilient to pressures and adverse events; accordingly, they do not manifest harsh emotional reactions far from Islam and sharia [5]. This religious-psychological construct (patience) has various consequences in life; subsequently, it decreases individuals’ anxiety symptoms, makes them feel ineffi cient, stressed, anxious and depressed [6]. In this regard, an effective approach for increasing patience in individu als with anxiety symptoms is SC-based ACT [19]. Accordingly, the present study data can be explained as follows: In the present study, the study subjects with low patience, during the ACT sessions and by conceptualizing their schemas, accepted their feelings and biopsychologi cal symptoms; the acceptance of these feelings reduced their excessive attention and sensitivity to the reporting of these symptoms in them. As a result, this measure improved their adaptation and increased their patience. Furthermore, the defusion technique of maladaptive sche mas in this treatment addresses taking a step backward and watching the thoughts; in the present study, this ac tion caused the thoughts to be considered only thoughts and not pure reality. Therefore, the absolute fact of not assuming verbal meanings in SC-based ACT enormously helped with improving patience in the research subjects. In addition, the ANCOVA results revealed that ACT was effective with the conceptualization of designs on psycho logical syndromes (anxiety symptoms); the mean score of the experimental group decreased, compared to the con trol group in this respect. The present study data were to some extent in line with those of the Sayyadi Asl research [21], Salehi et al. [22], Mousavi et al. [23], Trompetter et al. [24], Binfet and Passmore [25], and Russ [13]. Notably, the mentioned research studies were performed on statistical societies, such as women with fibromyalgia, students, individuals with substance use disorders, in dividuals with breast cancer, patients with essential hy pertension, patients with multiple sclerosis, women with chronic pain, and patients with schizophrenia; each study examined the effectiveness of ACT without using SC on one or two psychological symptoms. However, the sta tistical population of the present study included subjects with the symptoms of anxiety who were treated with SC based ACT for stress, anxiety, and depression. Sayyadi Asl’s [21] stated the effectiveness of ACT on reducing the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Trompetter et al. [24] also outlined a relationship be tween the effectiveness of ACT in depressive/anxiety symptoms and positive mental health. Accordingly, SC-based ACT improves the defusion of maladaptive schemas along with accepting responsibility to avoid and cope with schemas as well as detailed discussions about values and goals and the necessity to specify val ues, leading to reduced tension and stress occurring in individuals with anxiety symptoms. In this treatment, the purpose of emphasizing individuals’ desire for inner experiences is to help ill subjects to experience their dis turbing thoughts only as a thought and to take essential measures in their lives in line with their values. There fore, by substituting themselves as a context, patients easily experience unpleasant inner events in the present and can separate themselves from unpleasant reactions, memories, and thoughts. In the process of this treatment, individuals with anxiety symptoms are taught to over come their annoying thoughts and maladaptive schemas, instead of self-conceptualization. Such actions help to strengthen their observing self, accept internal events instead of controlling them, clarify their values, and pay attention to them. Conclusion Using self-report tools and the lack of follow-up stud ies due to time constraints and conditions caused by the coronavirus pandemic were among the limitations of the present study; however, the present study data suggested that SC-based ACT was effective on patience and psy chological symptoms in individuals with anxiety symp toms. Performing SC-based ACT sessions in clinics and treatment centers are suggested to reduce psychological symptoms and increase patience in individuals with anxi ety symptoms. Moreover, holding specialized workshops, principles, and special methods of SC-based ACT is rec ommended for physicians and mental health profession als. Such measures can help to adequately prepare this population for managing patients with anxiety syndrome. Ethical Considerations Compliance with ethical guidelines This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Birjand University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.BUMS. REC.1399.198) and sampling was performed on the ethical considerations of the Helsinki Declaration. Funding This research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors. |
| 109 Shahabizadeh F & Taheri N. Schema Conceptualization-Based ACT on Patience and Psychological Symptoms. Health Spiritual Med Ethics J. 2021; 8(2):103-110. |
| Authors' contributions Both authors equally contributed to preparing this ar ticle. Conflict of interest The authors declared no conflict of interest. References [1] Besharat MA, Asadi MM, Gholamali Lavasani M. [The me diating role of ego strength in the effects of dimensions of per fectionism on anxiety symptoms (Persian)]. Positive Psychol Res. 2017; 2(4):1-18. [DOI:10.22108/PPLS.2017.21717] [2] Shoja N, Rahimi A. [Anxiety disorders of children (Persian)]. Paper presented at: 3rd International Conference on New Re search Achievements in Humanities and Social and Cultural Studies. 8 March 2019; Karaj, Iran. https://civilica.com/ doc/865396/ [3] Vaziri A, Ahadi H, Makvandi B, Askari P, Bakhtiyarpoor S. [The comparison of effectiveness of executive functioning training and parental management training in children with anxiety disorders (Persian)]. Psychol Methods Models. 2016; 7(23):99-115. http://jpmm.miau.ac.ir/article_1907.html [4] Amiri L. 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| 110 Shahabizadeh F & Taheri N. Schema Conceptualization-Based ACT on Patience and Psychological Symptoms. Health Spiritual Med Ethics J. 2021; 8(2):103-110. |
| Med. 2017; 41(3):189-98. http://pejouhesh.sbmu.ac.ir/article- 1-1676-fa.html [24] Trompetter HR, Lamers SMA, Westerhof GJ, Fledderus M, Bohlmeijer ET. Both positive mental health and psycho pathology should be monitored in psychotherapy: Confir mation for the dual-factor model in acceptance and commit ment therapy. Behav Res Ther. 2017; 91:58-63. [DOI:10.1016/j. brat.2017.01.008] [PMID] [25] Binfet JT, Passmore HA. Hounds and homesickness: The effects of an animal-assisted therapeutic intervention for first year university students. Anthrozoös. 2016; 29(3):441-54. [DO I:10.1080/08927936.2016.1181364] |
Type of Study: Original Article |
Subject:
Special
Received: 2020/08/18 | Accepted: 2021/06/9 | Published: 2021/11/10
Received: 2020/08/18 | Accepted: 2021/06/9 | Published: 2021/11/10
References
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6. doc/865396/
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8. S. [The comparison of effectiveness of executive functioning
9. training and parental management training in children with
10. anxiety disorders (Persian)]. Psychol Methods Models. 2016;
11. 7(23):99-115. http://jpmm.miau.ac.ir/article_1907.html
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13. anxiety disorder based on will force, patience and intolerance of
14. uncertainty by mediating personality characteristics (Persian)]
15. [MA. thesis]. Shiraz: Shiraz University; 2017. https://ganj.irandoc.ac.ir/#/articles/8fdecf3232e3be3734aeafd7a72085fc
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