1. Abbaszadeh A, Torabi M, Borhani F, Shamsaei F. [The place of ethics education in nursing in Iran (Persian)]. Journal of Bioethics. 2015; 5(17):117-46. [Link]
2. Dehghani A, Radbeh F, Parviniannasab AM, Khaki S, Shamsizadeh M, Beyramijam M. [Enactment of professional ethics standards compliance in patients and nurses prospective (Persian)]. J Holist Nurs Midwifery. 2015; 25(4):64-72. [Link]
3. Khodaveisi M, Hassani P. Moral distress in Iranian nurses' experiences. Adv Nurs Midwifery. 2012; 22(77):17-25. [Link]
4. Mahmoodian H, Sara H. [Compliance with the code of nursing ethics to deal HIV/AIDS patients among nurses work in internal and surgical wards of the hospitals in Shiraz in 2015 (Persian)]. Iran J Med Ethics Hist Med. 2018; 11:100-17. [Link]
5. Beikmoradi A, Rabiee S, Khatiban M, Cheraghi , MA. [Nurses distress in intensive care unit: a survey in teaching hospitals (Persian)]. Iran J Med Ethics Hist Med. 2012; 5(2):58-69. [Link]
6. Schluter J, Winch S, Holzhauser K, Henderson A. Nurses' moral sensitivity and hospital ethical climate: A literature review. Nurs Ethics. 2008; 15(3):304-21.[DOI:10.1177/0969733007088357] [PMID] [
DOI:10.1177/0969733007088357]
7. Moradzadeh A, Namdar Joyami E. [Corona nurses' lived experience of moral distress while performing organizational duties (Persian)]. Q J Nurs Manag. 2020; 9(3):59-73. [Link]
8. Elpern EH, Covert B, Kleinpell R. Moral distress of staff nurses in a medical intensive care unit. Am J Crit Care. 2005; 14(6):523-30. [DOI:10.4037/ajcc2005.14.6.523] [PMID] [
DOI:10.4037/ajcc2005.14.6.523]
9. Jameton A. Nursing practice: The ethical issues. Englewood: Prentice-Hall; 1984. [Link]
10. Corley MC. Moral distress of critical care nurses. Am J Crit Care. 1995; 4:280-5. [DOI:10.4037/ajcc1995.4.4.280] [
DOI:10.4037/ajcc1995.4.4.280]
11. Naboureh A, Imanipour M, Salehi T, Tabesh H. [The relationship between moral distress and self-efficacy among nurses in critical care and emergency units in hospitals affiliated to Ahvaz Jundishapur university of medical sciences in 2015 (Persian)]. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci. 2015; 14 (6):443-54. [Link]
12. Hamric AB, Borchers CT, Epstein EG. Development and testing of an instrument to measure moral distress in healthcare professionals. AJOB Prim Res. 2012; 3(2):1-9. [Link] [
DOI:10.1080/21507716.2011.652337]
13. Sadeghi M, Ebrahimi H, Aghayan S. [Evaluation of the moral distress and related factors in clinical nurses of Shahroud city (Persian)]. Iran J Psychiatr Nurs. 2015; 3(3):20-8. [Link]
14. Abbaszadeh A, Nakhaei N, Borhani F, Roshanzadeh M. [The relationship between moral distress and retention in nurses in Birjand teaching hospitals (Persian)]. Iran J Med Ethics Hist Med. 2013; 6(2):57-66. [Link]
15. Altaker KW, Howie-Esquivel J, Cataldo JK. Relationships among palliative care, ethical climate, empowerment, and moral distress in intensive care unit nurses. Am J Crit Care. 2018; 27(4):295-302. [DOI:10.4037/ajcc2018252] [PMID] [
DOI:10.4037/ajcc2018252]
16. Jalali K, Tabari-Khomeiran R, Asgari F, Sedghi-Sabet M, Kazemnejad E. Moral distress and related factors among emergency department nurses. Eurasian J Emerg Med. 2019; 18(1):23-7. [DOI:10.4274/eajem.galenos.2018.78941] [
DOI:10.4274/eajem.galenos.2018.78941]
17. Humphries A, Woods M. A study of nurses' ethical climate perceptions: compromising in an uncompromising environment. Nurs Ethics. 2016; 23(3):265-76. [DOI:10.1177/0969733014564101] [PMID] [
DOI:10.1177/0969733014564101]
18. Joolaee S, Jalili H, Rafiee F, Haggani H. [The relationship between nurses' perception of moral distress and ethical environment in Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Persian)]. Iran J Med Ethics Hist Med. 2011; 4(4):56-66. [Link]
19. Mealer M, Moss M. Moral distress in ICU nurses. Intensive Care Med. 2016; 42(10):1615-7. [DOI:10.1007/s00134-016-4441-1] [PMID] [
DOI:10.1007/s00134-016-4441-1]
20. Hossain F, Clatty A. Self-care strategies in response to nurses' moral injury during COVID-19 pandemic. Nurs Ethics. 2021; 28(1):23-32. [DOI:10.1177/0969733020961825] [PMID] [
DOI:10.1177/0969733020961825]
21. Donkers MA, Gilissen VJHS, Candel MJJM, van Dijk NM, Kling H, Heijnen-Panis R, et al. Moral distress and ethical climate in intensive care medicine during COVID-19: A nationwide study. BMC Med Ethics. 2021; 22(1):73. [DOI:10.1186/s12910-021-00641-3] [PMID] [
DOI:10.1186/s12910-021-00641-3]
22. Mo Y, Deng L, Zhang L, Lang Q, Liao C, Wang N, et al. Work stress among Chinese nurses to support Wuhan in fighting against COVID‐19 epidemic. J Nurs Manag. 2020; 28(5):1002-9. [DOI:10.1111/jonm.13014] [PMID] [
DOI:10.1111/jonm.13014]
23. Galbraith N, Boyda D, McFeeters D, Hassan T. The mental health of doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic. BJPsych Bull. 2021; 45(2):93-7. [DOI:10.1192/bjb.2020.44] [PMID] [
DOI:10.1192/bjb.2020.44]
24. Cacchione PZ. Moral distress in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Nurs Res. 2020; 29(4):215-6. [DOI:10.1177/1054773820920385] [PMID] [
DOI:10.1177/1054773820920385]
25. Turale S, Meechamnan C, Kunaviktikul W. Challenging times: Ethics, nursing and the COVID‐19 pandemic. Int Nurs Rev. 2020; 67(2):164-7. [DOI:10.1111/inr.12598] [PMID] [
DOI:10.1111/inr.12598]
26. McKenna H. Covid-19: Ethical issues for nurses. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020; 110:103673. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103673] [PMID] [
DOI:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103673]
27. Jia Y, Chen O, Xiao Z, Xiao J, Bian J, Jia H. Nurses' ethical challenges caring for people with COVID-19: A qualitative study. Nurs Ethics. 2021; 28(1):33-45. [DOI:10.1177/0969733020944453] [PMID] [
DOI:10.1177/0969733020944453]
28. Borhani F, Mohammadi S, Roshanzadeh M. [Moral distress and its relationship with professional stress in nurses (Persian)]. Iran J Med Ethics Hist Med. 2014; 6(6):10-19. [Link] [
DOI:10.21859/mej-103819]
29. Bayat M, Shahriari M, Keshvari M. The relationship between moral distress in nurses and ethical climate in selected hospitals of the Iranian social security organization. J Med Ethics Hist Med. 2019; 12:8. [DOI:10.18502/jmehm.v12i8.1339] [PMID] [
DOI:10.18502/jmehm.v12i8.1339]
30. Ahmadi SR, Vafadar-Moradi E, Mahmoudi M, Sadrzadeh SM, Khadem-Rezaiyan M, Nakhaei A, et al. Evaluation of the level of moral distress in nurses and physicians involved with patients with new Coronavirus (COVID-19). Int J Med Invest. 2021; 10(2):176-85. [Link]
31. Hthelee LHH, Sadooghiasl A, Kermanshahi SM. Moral distress and moral courage among Iraqi nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. J Med Ethics Hist Med. 2023; 16:19. [DOI:10.18502/jmehm.v16i19.14618] [PMID] [
DOI:10.18502/jmehm.v16i19.14618]
32. Mosalanezhad L, Abiri S, Kalani N. Moral distress level in nurses and physicians caring for patients with COVID-19: A cross-sectional descriptive study in 2020. Educ Ethics Nurs. 2020; 9(3):1-8. [Link] [
DOI:10.52547/ethicnurs.9.3.4.1]
33. Arafat R, Tahir T, Harisa A. Moral distress among nurses in caring COVID-19 patients. Clin Ethics. 2032; 18(1):62-6. [DOI:10.1177/14777509211057251] [PMID] [
DOI:10.1177/14777509211057251]
34. Svantesson M, Durnell L, Hammarström E, Jarl G, Sandman L. Moral and exhausting distress working in the frontline of COVID-19: A Swedish survey during the first wave in four healthcare settings. BMJ Open. 2022; 12(7):e055726.[DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055726] [PMID] [
DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055726]
35. Maunder RG, Heeney ND, Greenberg RA, Jeffs LP, Wiesenfeld LA, Johnstone J, et al. The relationship between moral distress, burnout, and considering leaving a hospital job during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal survey. BMC Nurs. 2023; 22(1):243. [DOI:10.1186/s12912-023-01407-5] [PMID] [
DOI:10.1186/s12912-023-01407-5]
36. Wenwen Z, Xiaoyan W, Yufang Z, Lifeng C, Congcong S. Moral distress and its influencing factors: A cross-sectional study in China. Nurs Ethics. 2018; 25(4):470-80. [DOI:10.1177/0969733016658792] [PMID] [
DOI:10.1177/0969733016658792]